Black or African American

This article summarizes findings from qualitative interviews with Black and White prospective participants that identified barriers and facilitators to Alzheimer’s research recruitment.

This article explores how narrative-based recruitment materials for African Americans may be better tailored to enhance recruitment.

This resource describes a strategy that leverages family relationships to support the recruitment of African American adults to Alzheimer’s clinical research.

This study identifies themes in how older African Americans perceive neurovascular clinical trials.

The Duke University and the University of North Carolina ADRC offers two videos that discuss the participant experience during spinal tap and blood draw procedures.

This article describes how caring behaviors by recruiters impact recruitment in African American and Non-Latinx White older adults.

This resource describes the most effective strategies to increase research participation among older African Americans, based on an analysis of peer-review studies.

This webinar series from the Cleveland ADRC highlights medical information and social issues on brain health that are pertinent to the Black community.

This resource describes barriers and facilitators of dementia care through the lens of African American caregivers in rural Kentucky.

In this review article, researchers summarize the importance of caring behaviors in the recruitment of older African Americans with chronic illness.

This article explores why and how to incorporate critical race theory into dementia caregiver recruitment efforts.

This resource summarizes the results from focus groups with African American older adults in which they discuss their beliefs about participation in clinical research.

In this article, researchers examine the effectiveness of a community-based strategy to recruit participants for a dementia study.

This article examines how race and ethnic background impacts sources of recruitment and eligibility for an Alzheimer’s preclinical trial.

The Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center offers information about joining research studies and brain and tissue donation.

This article describes how the University of Pittsburgh’s Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center used research participation stories to create messaging for recruitment materials.

This paper describes the researchers’ experiences in establishing and maintaining a diverse Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention Registry.

A report that overviews the Washington University School of Medicine Knight ADRC's “African American Participation in Alzheimer Disease Research: Effective Strategies” Workshop on research participation.

This research examined the effectiveness and differences in using both traditional and social media materials for the recruitment of African American versus non-Hispanic white participants.

This research article describes the Minority Aging Research Study's brain donation challenges, processes, and successful procurement with older African American adults.

A collection of videos about Alzheimer’s disease and clinical trials, including topics on clinical trials awareness and recruiting.

To test an intervention for increasing Alzheimer’s disease literacy among African Americans, the researchers enrolled 193 African American community-dwelling adults using culturally tailored education and messaging.

This brochure provides an overview of the Alzheimer’s Outreach Program at the University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, which invites African Americans age 60 or older to participate in research as healthy volunteers.

Researchers looked at how enrollment factors made a difference, broken out by race, on the progression of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Using Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center data, they examined the rate of impairment between white participants and Black participants with age-at-progression survival models.

The authors of this integrative review found that passive, indirect recruitment strategies have been the default approach for enrolling older African Americans into chronic illness-related research studies, including Alzheimer's studies. They recommend the use of proactive, culturally appropriate recruitment approaches, combined with caring recruiter behaviors, that explicitly target older African American adults and that involve direct interactions between prospective participants and the...

This 3-minute video features Dan Gasby, who with his wife, the celebrity B. (Barbara) Smith, has advocated for greater public awareness of the disease and for participation in clinical trials. Smith was diagnosed with early Alzheimer’s disease in 2014.

This case study examines how the use of community engagement principles and approaches enhanced clinical trial recruitment and retention. The Meharry Vanderbilt Community Engaged Research Core (CERC), which facilitates community involvement in clinical and translational research, was consulted to enhance participation of African-American women in a clinical trial. CERC's key recommendations included: 1) convene a Community Engagement Studio, 2) redesign the recruitment advertisement, 3) simplify...

NIA has created four video stories profiling participants in Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials. These videos feature participants from different walks of life who discuss what motivates them and how research staff support them to participate in studies and trials. The videos are intended to be shared as part of engagement and recruitment efforts for clinical studies. Each video was made with a specific audience in mind: Will’s Story—When both of Will’s parents developed dementia, he and his...

This article explores strategies to improve participation in cognitive aging research by older adults, particularly minority older adults. The cultural aspects of cognitive aging are examined, especially the role of stigma and stereotype threat. The perceptions of cognitive aging of African American and Hispanic older adults are also described. Specific strategies are presented that have been successfully implemented to improve recruitment and retention in research targeting minority older...

A sample of 304 African-American participants from the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area completed a survey evaluating beliefs about medical research and preferred research study methods. Results showed 90 percent believed that medical research was necessary and assists in finding a cure for a disease. Most respondents expressed a preference for participating in research related to issues with which they were familiar (e.g., diabetes or hypertension) or for working with researchers of a...

Researchers surveyed 1,643 participants to investigate potential motivators, barriers, and facilitators to participation in research that tests a new drug or device. Participants were Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, multiracial, and "other" minorities. Motivators were measured on a scale that ranged from "no influence" (0) to "most influence" (4). Significant differences by race were found for five out of 10 motivating factors. "Risk of unknown side-effects" was the greatest barrier for...

A telephone survey of 511 people in one Southern state explored the communication sources and perceived effective communication channels and strategies through which African Americans and White individuals receive clinical trial information.

This study explored why participation in clinical trials is lower in the African American population. The authors examined two sets of potential barriers: structural/procedural (limited accessibility, lack of awareness, doctors not discussing clinical trial options, and lack of health insurance) and cognitive/psychological (lack of subjective and factual knowledge, misperceptions, distrust, fear, and perceived risk). The authors found that lack of subjective knowledge and perceived risk were...

To identify successful recruitment strategies, challenges, and best practices for researchers to engage African American communities in clinical studies, researchers reviewed studies conducted from 2001 to 2012 at an inner-city research center. They contacted the study coordinators to obtain data on recruitment and retention strategies, challenges, and dropout rates, and also interviewed 25 study coordinators on challenges and strategies. Successful recruitment and retention strategies included...

Historically, African Americans have been disproportionately underrepresented in clinical trials. To address this gap, the authors analyzed recruitment data to identify the most effective strategies for enrolling older African Americans in clinical trials. Data used in these analyses were obtained from 3,266 potential volunteers, ages 50 or older, who completed a Mini-Mental State Examination as part of recruitment and screening for various clinical studies on Alzheimer's disease. The findings...

This study examined the roles of race and culture in the attitudes and beliefs of African Americans about participating in clinical research. Five focus groups were conducted with 44 African-American men and women (aged 50 and over) in a western U.S. state. Participants were asked scripted questions regarding their knowledge and beliefs about Alzheimer's disease and their feelings about participating in clinical research. Themes that emerged were: experiences of unequal treatment and racism...

Researchers in this study conducted 19 focus groups and nine interviews to identify recruitment barriers, motivators, and strategies to help increase access to and participation in clinical trials in rural and urban communities. More than 200 African-American and white men and women ages 21 and over participated in the focus groups. Researchers found that although similar barriers, motivators, and strategies were reported by urban and rural groups, perceptions regarding their importance varied...

In this paper, the authors reviewed 44 articles published from January 2000 to December 2011 to identify the experienced or perceived barriers and facilitators to health research participation for major U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations. Shared barriers to participation included mistrust and lack of access to information. Despite different expressions of mistrust, all groups represented in these studies were willing to participate for altruistic reasons embedded in cultural and community...

Researchers presented two innovative, testable methods for resolving the challenge of increasing older African Americans' participation in research studies. A total of 62 older African Americans were randomized to treatment and control conditions of a reminiscence intervention. Sensitivity to an African-American cultural form of respect for elders (recognition of worth and dignity) and intersections between the lived experience of the researcher and participants helped dispel this population's...

This study used Community Partnered Participatory Research (CPPR) to address low participation of racial/ethnic minorities in medical research and the lack of trust between underrepresented communities and researchers. Residents of a South Los Angeles neighborhood were exposed to research recruitment strategies: referral by word-of-mouth, community agencies, direct marketing, and study participants. Study completion rates varied by recruitment method: referral by community agencies (88.7%)...

Mistrust of medical research is an important barrier hindering recruitment in African-American communities. In this study, researchers conducted in-depth, face-to-face interviews with leaders from four African-American churches about their experience with and barriers to hospice and palliative care research. Mistrust based on experience with previous researchers emerged as a common theme. Findings suggested that researchers who wish to conduct successful studies in African-American religious...

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the time and monetary costs associated with recruiting and interviewing a diverse sample of older adults living in south Florida. Men and women age 60 and older from four ethnic groups—African American, Afro Caribbean, Hispanic American, and European American—were recruited to participate in a longitudinal study of healthy aging. Costs for study activities (including recruitment, scheduling sessions, interviewing, file scoring, log updating...

To overcome the barriers of recruiting African Americans into health research studies, researchers tested an engagement strategy that used volunteer research registries and community review boards to link registrants to studies. The aims of this Community Research Outreach Workers' Network (CROWN) were to 1) create a community outreach-generated registry of African Americans interested in participating in health research and 2) develop a community research review board to advise investigators on...

This article describes the challenge of recruiting to clinical trials and studies healthy volunteers without symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, especially African Americans. To find a solution, the authors used a community engagement approach to create a registry of 2,311 research-ready, healthy adult volunteers who reflected an ethnically diverse local community in North Carolina. The approach had varying levels of success in establishing a large, diverse pool of individuals who were interested...

This study sought to develop and test a community-developed, faith-based intervention and evaluate its potential to increase the number of older African Americans in clinical research. The authors worked with six churches to enroll at least 210 people. Those at the intervention group received three educational sessions on the role of clinical trials in addressing health disparity topics, and those in the comparison group completed surveys at the same time. All participants received ongoing...

This editorial pertains to African American caregivers of people with dementia, specifically those with type 2 diabetes. The author reviews barriers to recruitment for this population and the experience of church-based recruiting of caregivers age 55 and older with diabetes who also care for a person with dementia. Important factors to success included a respected gatekeeper and relationship building. Barriers included the religious interpretation of dementia behaviors that produced stigma among...

This study evaluated the ability of a registry of research volunteers to retain African-American older adults and to explore the demographic and health factors associated with retention. Researchers analyzed data for 1,730 adults enrolled in the Healthier Black Elders Center (HBEC) research registry. They found an increased likelihood of retention was associated with employment, being referred to research studies, a higher number of medical conditions, and more follow-up contacts. A decreased...

A clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of a church-based educational intervention aimed at improving African Americans' participation in clinical trials. A total of 221 subjects age 50 and older were recruited from six predominantly African American churches in the Atlanta area. Some subjects attended three educational sessions, while others (the controls) completed questionnaires. Subjects' intention to join a clinical trial was measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. Researchers...

This study examined the factors that influence participation in clinical trials by older African Americans, including social support, transportation access, and physical impediments. Researchers surveyed 221 participants who were recruited from local African American churches. They found that increased intent to join a trial was associated with greater transportation mobility, social ability, and daily living ability. Among adults age 65 and older, those with lower levels of support during a...

The sponsors of the PEARLS (Program to Encourage Active, Rewarding Lives) study, a home-based depression-care management program for elders, partnered with three social service organizations in the Seattle area to identify hard-to-reach populations, barriers to reaching them, and strategies for improving recruitment and retention. Based on semistructured interviews with study staff and former PEARLS participants, several themes emerged, including trust, cultural appropriateness, meet them where...